electrochemical detection methods are highly attractive for the monitoring of glucose, cholesterol, cancer, infectious diseases, and biological warfare agents due to their low cost, high sensitivity, functionality despite sample turbidity, easy miniaturization via microfabrication, low power requirements, and a relatively simple control infrastructure. the development of implantable biosensors is laden with great challenges, which include longevity and inherent biocompatibility, coupled with the continuous monitoring of analytes. deficiencies in any of these areas will necessitate their surgical replacement. in addition, random signals arising from non-specific adsorption events can cause problems in diagnostic assays. hence, a great deal of effort has been devoted to the specific control of surface structures. nanotechnology involves the creation and design of structures with at least one dimension that is below 100 nm. the optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of nanostructures may be manipulated by altering their size, shape, and composition. these attributes may facilitate improvements in biocompatibility, sensitivity and the specific attachment of biomaterials. thus, the central theme of this dissertation pertains to highlighting the critical roles that are played by the morphology and intrinsic properties of nanomaterials when they are applied in the development of electrochemical biosensors.